MongoDB 是一个 NoSQL 数据库,它不支持在 MySQL 等关系数据库中发现的 JOIN 操作。但是,可以通过调用 Collection 对象的 aggregate() 方法和 $lookup 阶段来实现类似的功能。
$aggregate() 函数
此函数执行到同一数据库中的另一个集合的左外联接,以筛选“joined”集合中的文档进行处理。
$lookup:对同一数据库中的集合执行左外联接,以筛选“joined”集合中的文档进行处理。$lookup阶段将新的数组字段添加到每个输入文档。新的数组字段包含“joined”集合中的匹配文档。
为了在输入文档中的字段与“联接”集合的文档中的字段之间执行相等匹配,$lookup阶段具有以下语法 -
{
$lookup:
{
from: <collection to join>,
localField: <field from the input documents>,
foreignField: <field from the documents of the "from" collection>,
as: <output array field>
}
}
$lookup阶段的参数如下 -
参数 | 描述 |
---|---|
from |
指定要执行联接的同一数据库中的集合。 from 是可选的,您可以在 $lookup 阶段中使用 $documents 阶段。有关示例,请参阅在 $lookup 阶段中使用$documents阶段。 |
localField |
指定从文档输入到$lookup阶段的字段。$lookup from collection 的文档中,对 localField 和 foreignField 执行相等匹配。 |
foreignField |
指定 from 集合中文档的字段。 |
As |
指定要添加到输入文档的新数组字段的名称。新的数组字段包含 from 集合中的匹配文档。 |
$lookup操作对应于以下SQL查询 -
SELECT *, <output array field>
FROM collection
WHERE <output array field> IN (
SELECT *
FROM <collection to join>
WHERE <foreignField> = <collection.localField>
);
例子
要演示 MongoDB 中的 JOIN 操作,请创建两个集合 - inventory 和 orders。
库存集合
( [
{ prodId: 100, price: 20, quantity: 125 },
{ prodId: 101, price: 10, quantity: 234 },
{ prodId: 102, price: 15, quantity: 432 },
{ prodId: 103, price: 17, quantity: 320 }
] )
订单集合
( [
{ orderId: 201, custid: 301, prodId: 100, numPurchased: 20 },
{ orderId: 202, custid: 302, prodId: 101, numPurchased: 10 },
{ orderId: 203, custid: 303, prodId: 102, numPurchased: 5 },
{ orderId: 204, custid: 303, prodId: 103, numPurchased: 15 },
{ orderId: 205, custid: 303, prodId: 103, numPurchased: 20 },
{ orderId: 206, custid: 302, prodId: 102, numPurchased: 1 },
{ orderId: 207, custid: 302, prodId: 101, numPurchased: 5 },
{ orderId: 208, custid: 301, prodId: 100, numPurchased: 10 },
{ orderId: 209, custid: 303, prodId: 103, numPurchased: 30 }
] )
以下代码在 Collection 对象和 $lookup 阶段上调用 aggregate() 方法。
const {MongoClient} = require('mongodb');
async function main(){
const uri = "mongodb://localhost:27017/";
const client = new MongoClient(uri);
try {
await client.connect();
await joindocs(client, "mydb", "orders", "inventory");
} finally {
await client.close();
}
}
main().catch(console.error);
async function joindocs(client, dbname, col1, col2){
const result = await client.db(dbname).collection('orders').aggregate([
{ $lookup:
{
from: 'inventory',
localField: 'prodId',
foreignField: 'prodId',
as: 'orderdetails'
}
}
]).toArray();
result.forEach(element => {
console.log(JSON.stringify(element));
});
}
$lookup阶段允许您指定要与当前集合联接的集合,以及应匹配的字段。
输出
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf3","orderId":201,"custid":301,"prodId":100,"numPurchased":20,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bef","prodId":100,"price":20,"quantity":125}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf4","orderId":202,"custid":302,"prodId":101,"numPurchased":10,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf0","prodId":101,"price":10,"quantity":234}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf5","orderId":203,"custid":303,"prodId":102,"numPurchased":5,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf1","prodId":102,"price":15,"quantity":432}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf6","orderId":204,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":15,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf7","orderId":205,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":20,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf8","orderId":206,"custid":302,"prodId":102,"numPurchased":1,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf1","prodId":102,"price":15,"quantity":432}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf9","orderId":207,"custid":302,"prodId":101,"numPurchased":5,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf0","prodId":101,"price":10,"quantity":234}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bfa","orderId":208,"custid":301,"prodId":100,"numPurchased":10,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bef","prodId":100,"price":20,"quantity":125}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bfb","orderId":209,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":30,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf4","orderId":202,"custid":302,"prodId":101,"numPurchased":10,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf0","prodId":101,"price":10,"quantity":234}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf5","orderId":203,"custid":303,"prodId":102,"numPurchased":5,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf1","prodId":102,"price":15,"quantity":432}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf6","orderId":204,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":15,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf7","orderId":205,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":20,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf8","orderId":206,"custid":302,"prodId":102,"numPurchased":1,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf1","prodId":102,"price":15,"quantity":432}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bf9","orderId":207,"custid":302,"prodId":101,"numPurchased":5,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf0","prodId":101,"price":10,"quantity":234}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bfa","orderId":208,"custid":301,"prodId":100,"numPurchased":10,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bef","prodId":100,"price":20,"quantity":125}]}
{"_id":"658c4b14943e7a1349678bfb","orderId":209,"custid":303,"prodId":103,"numPurchased":30,"orderdetails":[{"_id":"658c4aff943e7a1349678bf2","prodId":103,"price":17,"quantity":320}]}