Go - 切片



Go Slice(切片) 是对 Go Array 的抽象。Go Array 允许你定义可以保存多个相同类型数据项的变量,但它不提供任何内置方法来动态增加其大小或获得自己的子数组。切片克服了此限制。它提供了 Array 所需的许多实用函数,并广泛用于 Go 编程中。

定义切片

要定义切片,您可以将其声明为数组,而无需指定其大小。或者,您可以使用 make 函数创建切片。


var numbers []int /* a slice of unspecified size */
/* numbers == []int{0,0,0,0,0}*/
numbers = make([]int,5,5) /* a slice of length 5 and capacity 5*/

len() 和 cap() 函数

切片是对数组的抽象。它实际上使用数组作为底层结构。len() 函数返回切片中存在的元素,其中 cap() 函数返回切片的容量(即,它可以容纳多少个元素)。以下示例说明了 slice 的用法 -


package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	 	var numbers = make([]int,3,5)
	 	printSlice(numbers)
}
func printSlice(x []int){
	 	fmt.Printf("len=%d cap=%d slice=%v\n",len(x),cap(x),x)
}

编译并执行上述代码时,它会产生以下结果——

len = 3 cap = 5 slice = [0 0 0]

Nil 切片

如果 slice 声明时没有 inputs,则默认情况下,它被初始化为 nil。它的长度和容量为零。例如 -


package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	 	var numbers []int
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	if(numbers == nil){
	 	 	 fmt.Printf("slice is nil")
	 	}
}
func printSlice(x []int){
	 	fmt.Printf("len = %d cap = %d slice = %v\n", len(x), cap(x),x)
}

编译并执行上述代码时,它会产生以下结果——

len = 0 cap = 0 slice = []
slice is nil

子切片

Slice 允许指定下限和上限,以使用 [lower-bound:upper-bound] 获取它的子切片。例如 -


package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	 	/* create a slice */
	 	numbers := []int{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} 		
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	/* print the original slice */
	 	fmt.Println("numbers ==", numbers)
	 	
	 	/* print the sub slice starting from index 1(included) to index 4(excluded)*/
	 	fmt.Println("numbers[1:4] ==", numbers[1:4])
	 	
	 	/* missing lower bound implies 0*/
	 	fmt.Println("numbers[:3] ==", numbers[:3])
	 	
	 	/* missing upper bound implies len(s)*/
	 	fmt.Println("numbers[4:] ==", numbers[4:])
	 	
	 	numbers1 := make([]int,0,5)
	 	printSlice(numbers1)
	 	
	 	/* print the sub slice starting from index 0(included) to index 2(excluded) */
	 	number2 := numbers[:2]
	 	printSlice(number2)
	 	
	 	/* print the sub slice starting from index 2(included) to index 5(excluded) */
	 	number3 := numbers[2:5]
	 	printSlice(number3)
	 	
}
func printSlice(x []int){
	 	fmt.Printf("len = %d cap = %d slice = %v\n", len(x), cap(x),x)
}

编译并执行上述代码时,它会产生以下结果——

len = 9 cap = 9 slice = [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
numbers == [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
numbers[1:4] == [1 2 3]
numbers[:3] == [0 1 2]
numbers[4:] == [4 5 6 7 8]
len = 0 cap = 5 slice = []
len = 2 cap = 9 slice = [0 1]
len = 3 cap = 7 slice = [2 3 4]

append() 和 copy() 函数

可以使用 append() 函数增加切片的容量。使用 copy() 函数,源切片的内容被复制到目标切片。例如 -


package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	 	var numbers []int
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	/* append allows nil slice */
	 	numbers = append(numbers, 0)
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	/* add one element to slice*/
	 	numbers = append(numbers, 1)
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	/* add more than one element at a time*/
	 	numbers = append(numbers, 2,3,4)
	 	printSlice(numbers)
	 	
	 	/* create a slice numbers1 with double the capacity of earlier slice*/
	 	numbers1 := make([]int, len(numbers), (cap(numbers))*2)
	 	
	 	/* copy content of numbers to numbers1 */
	 	copy(numbers1,numbers)
	 	printSlice(numbers1) 		
}
func printSlice(x []int){
	 	fmt.Printf("len=%d cap=%d slice=%v\n",len(x),cap(x),x)
}

编译并执行上述代码时,它会产生以下结果——

len = 0 cap = 0 slice = []
len = 1 cap = 2 slice = [0]
len = 2 cap = 2 slice = [0 1]
len = 5 cap = 8 slice = [0 1 2 3 4]
len = 5 cap = 16 slice = [0 1 2 3 4]